Total reward approach to compensation and timeline Research Paper

Total reward approach to compensation and timeline - Research Paper Example Further, compensating the employees’ efforts remains a basic and foundational concept in employees’ retention and motivation. To ensure a comprehensive and fool proof operation of these types of compensations that are besides the salaries, most companies have established systems that recognize what is to be rewarded and how the process is supposed to take place (Kowalewski, College, & Phillips, 2012). These programs are called total rewards programs and are meant to direct the organization on how the employees are to be rewarded to ensure efficient motivation and maximum retention of the employees. The rewards program encompasses all things and activities that the employer regards as motivating from the employees point of view and which are valuable to the general and specific welfare of the employees. Although they include both monetary and non-monetary commodities, the financial and related rewards are the most notable and the foundation of rewards system in an organization settings. Most companies recognize four categories of rewards (Burris, 2012). There are the membership and seniority-based rewards, work status-based, competency-based and performance based rewards. The established system dictates what type of reward is to apply in each employee’s case and how these rewards are to be executed. This paper is aimed at designing a total rewards system based on Coca-Cola Company’s system. By exploring in details the total rewards system of the company, this paper will provide an insight on the basic contained in a specific system. To arrive at this design, the paper will first look into the company and its main objectives, missions and vision and an analysis of the reward system. It is from this analysis that the design will be developed. The Coca-Cola Company is undoubtedly the world largest manufacturer of beverages and soft drinks. It has been ranked the world’s number one brand on several occasions. Since 1889,

The Four Major Trends for Mainframe Replacement Essay Example for Free

The Four Major Trends for Mainframe Replacement Essay As software trends change with the time so will the technologies that they run off of and the platforms they use to operate on. One of those technologies is mainframes and the cost to operate these in the traditional sense comes at a very high cost. The solution is to migrate to a Linux/Unix solution; this can potentially drop total cost of ownership by 77%. Since money is the driving factor in nearly all business decisions it is not hard to see the benefit of migrating to the open source solutions. One of the many advantages to Linux/Unix running on the mainframe is that organizations can significantly reduce the time-to-market of new IT solutions and services through application modernization projects and, in particular, through application migration projects (Pedgen, 2010). Being able to update on the fly is a huge advantage to companies that rely on the data network to successfully operate there day to day operations, this is due in large part to it minimizing down time. Linux/Unix can come in a variety of iterations so it is important to fully inspect the needs and goals of the company when making the decision on which to use. Many companies find solace in the fact that the cost to of ownership is low but they need to take in to account the lack of support that comes with such open source solutions but the fact is that most companies will benefit financially even after implementation. Retail is a good example of how Linux can be used on many different levels throughout an organization. The different levels associated can be anything from warehouse logistics to in store daily operations like inventory. Also having the ability to cusotmize programs for each level of the organization creates a more efficient flow of operations by exploited redundancies in typical off the shelf softwares that are available. Linux Tools Support iOS 4.2.1 The growing cell phone world has been dominated for the last few years by Apple’s iPhone and more so in the market of unlocking those phones to be used on other carriers or just to customize the device beyond Apple and ATT’s manufacturers guidelines. Traditionally consumers would use applications like Pwnage, Yellowsn0w and more recently Blacksn0w to infiltrate these devices. ibimobiledevice provides mechanisms that allow Linux programs to communicate with iPhones, iPod Touchs and iPads via USB without the need to jailbreak the Apple device (h-online.com, 2010). There are many benefits to this, one of which is offering synchronization between many different applications instead of being restricted to just iTunes. When you don’t have to use iTunes you don’t have to activate the phone thus you can jailbreak it and do what you will. Applications like this speak to the flexibility of Linux by making itself useful on nearly every medium of technology available today. Linux can offer backdoor access to many different systems to allow for customization or just backing up important data for storage or migration purposes. Who Builds Linux? These Days, More and More Mobile Devs The increase of Linux in the world of mobile devs is a growing trend due to its flexibility and also its lack of compatibility with large name tech companies like Google and Microsoft. Linux does become very useful in the development of mobile applications as well as mobile OS’s, some of the companies that support and make use of Linux are Nokia and Qualcomm. As Linux continues to grow in the mobile world there will be a shift in the iterations of Linux to support more mobile platforms. When large tech companies don’t take the compatibility issue with Linux as high priority it hurts the platform and drives devs to use a more limited set of tools and thus causes a decrease in use amongst those people. The exception to this increase in Linux by use of mobile devs is the continued support of software developers like Oracle and IBM. A lot of the support of this open source software depends on large companies like the aforementioned to build upon its kernal and continue to drive innovation within the software to keep it relevant. References http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Linux-tools-support-iOS-4-2-1-1143629.html http://mashable.com/2010/11/30/who-builds-linux/

Rising Gas Prices in the United States Essay -- The Oil Industry

Once upon a time Americans hopped into their cars on warm spring days and took long drives to admire the beauty of nature. Teenagers took joy rides around town to meet friends and rode from one â€Å"hot spot† to another. Those were the days when gas prices were affordable to the average American. Over the past few years, gas prices in the United States have been on the rise. What is causing the increase in gas prices? To understand the increase in gas prices, one must first identify the distribution of dollars paid per gallon at the pump. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (eia) in 2010, the annual average paid at the pump consisted of 68% crude oil, 7% refining, 10% distribution and marketing, and 15% taxes (see Fig.1). This shows an increase of crude oil over the 2000-2009 average of 51%. (e. I. Administration) Currently, the most important factor in the rise of gas prices is the increasing cost of crude oil. Unfortunately, the United States has three percent of the world’s oil reserves. (Horsley) In 2009, the United States was third in crude oil production as well as the world’s largest petroleum consumer. (e. I. Administration) Such consumption required and still requires the United States to import petroleum/crude oil from other countries. Mainly, the United States imports petroleum products and crude oil from Canada 23.3%, Venezuela 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 10.4%, Mexico 9.2%, and Nigeria 8.3%. (e. I. Administration) In addition, approximately 77 other countries import to the United States. (e. I. Administration) Worldwide, there are many factors contributing to the increase in cost per barrel. Most recently, Libyan rebels, inspired by the success of their Tunisian and Egyptian neighbors, are up... ... Oil Production.† 10 March 2011. 19 March 2011 . Press, Associated. â€Å"MSNBC Oil Prices Fall as Libya Promises Ceasefire.† 18 March 2011. 19 March 2011 . Press, Associated. â€Å"Oil Hits Highest Levels Since Recession.† 25 March 2011. 25 March 2011 . Press, The Associated. â€Å"IEA Says Libyan Oil Exports Halted.† 15 March 2011. 25 March 2011 . Reuters. â€Å"Factbox: Libyan Oil Production, Exports, Customers.† 11 February 2011. 20 March 2011 .

Elbow or Shoulder Pain and Professional Baseball Pitchers :: essays papers

Elbow or Shoulder Pain and Professional Baseball Pitchers It’s fair to say that a good baseball game can lie in the hands of the pitcher. According to an article by the American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50 percent of professional baseball pitchers experience elbow or shoulder pain due to the way they throw the ball. Because not much research has been done on professional baseball athletes, the purpose of this publication was to find at what point in the pitcher’s technique does most of the damage occur. The study began by taking 40 pro-baseball pitchers, all ranging from the age of 23-33 years old with relatively the same height and weight. Also, thirty-two of the 40 selected are right-hand dominant. Then they placed 3 cameras in different parts of the field. These cameras would take still frames of the pitchers and their technique when throwing the ball. They found that at the point where there is maximum rotation (aka the cocking phase) the distraction force was low. Also, it was stated that because of the elbow angle at foot stride and ball release that the shoulder joint was affected more so than at any other time. Finally, in order to understand why the injuries occur we should learn the joint ranges of motion so we can develop better preventive methods for injuries. I don’t believe that this article is very reliable, because the way the chose their subject wasn’t very scientifical. First, The range of age is too broad, and it doesn’t mention how long the pitcher has been in the sport. For example, the could have chosen a 23 year old with a good arm, but bad technique compared to a 33 year old who has been pitching for years and has loosened the ligaments in his arm. Also, they selected 32 that were right-hand dominant. That became the majority. I believe that the data would be wrong if the numbers of right-handed to left-handed pitchers weren’t equal, because they are the control group in the experiment, which makes the variable the pitchers’ technique. Overall, this experiment shouldn’t be considered a reference for students or others to depend on. When it comes to the relevancy of this article to the field of athletic training, I believe that it is somewhat helpful. In order to understand and prevent injuries, an athletic trainer must understand why and how the injuries happen.

A Sacred Product

In our current society, material things really do matter, as these things make our lives much easier and comfortable. We need to have certain types of gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops, computers, PDAs or the likes in order to function well and communicate with the people around us. We also need to have cars in order to get to work or school. Without these things, our lives would be much harder and complicated.Technological advancements have changed the way we live and also the society living in it. In addition, with all the advertisement and marketing strategies employed by companies, most people now immensely feel the need for these material things that they could no longer ignore them. However, we may be surrounded with material things that we use as tools for our convenience, but I do believe that some of these things are not just a tool but a part of us.Everyday, I have a routine of waking up in the morning then staring at the ceiling for a couple of minutes before finally getting up. That short span of time is my moment to reflect about the things that happened the day before. I think of the specific things that happened in terms of the words and the actions that a friend, an acquaintance, or a stranger had done to other people or to me.After a few minutes of reflection, I get out of the bed and I make a cup of coffee. I then sit on a comfortable chair and gaze on the view outside the window. I then try to appreciate what I see and enjoy the moment of peace and tranquility of the small garden that we have. I observe the grass that rises from the rich soil and examine the small colorful flowers that have bloomed.While I take a sip of my favorite Starbucks Coffee, I think of the activities that I want and need to do, such as deadlines, office work, catching up with old friends, and seeing my family. I also think of the chores that need to be finished for the day. I plan and organize early in the morning, as it is the time when I can focus more as my mi nd is clear. If I am not organizing my plan for the day, I would be writing the things that I have in my mind.The scent of coffee adds to the aura of the mornings. It somehow sets the mood and awakens my sense due to its strong and tangy flavor. Home-made Starbucks Coffee has become one of my strongest weapons in the morning, as it brings life to my mind.My mornings would not be complete without a cup of coffee; it lightens my mood and takes away the sluggishness of mornings. Coffee has been a part of my daily routine that I regard it as a sacred product that I cannot do without. It is like a habit (or maybe an addiction) that I cannot give up because it livens up mood to start my day right.Starbucks Coffee houses are also a venue for many of my friends to just relax and unwind due its peaceful and calming ambience. In that quiet little spot, we talk about our concerns such as our jobs or the current situation of our country. We also talk about entertainment and music which I and my friends enjoy.But how come coffee has become one of the most popular drinks which an individual or a group of people enjoy? I believe that advertisements and media, which are one of the most influential aspects of society, have made a simple coffee into a social construct. The endless TV commercials and the seemingly ubiquitous ads are one of the many reasons that caused coffee to become a thriving industry that is well-known to different people not only in the United States but also around the world.Another good aspect of coffee shop advertisements that I believe have captured the attention of many is the theme of having a place to just stop and relax after many hours of work. Coffee shops provide the space for friends and family to just be together, talk about anything, reminisce the old times, and reflect on their past experiences together. The inviting advertisements entice everyone to try coffee, and before anyone knew it, coffee has already become a become part of his or her everyday life.In conclusion, most people have their own sacred products that they use or need to have in order to have their lives complete. Although material things are truly needed by everyone, it must be taken in mind that advertisers and media are only promoting products and it is their job to do so. Still, there are things that we really need and there are things that we do not really need. It is our discretion if we need a product and not the advertisements that entice us to buy their products. We must be wise consumers and not just believe in the advertisements of companies who just want to increase their profit.

Wright And Wrong Essays - Nelle A. Coley, Pedagogy, Scout Promise

Wright And Wrong Essays - Nelle A. Coley, Pedagogy, Scout Promise Wright And Wrong old brain acquired any knowledge from was my parents. They were my soul teachers on what was and what was not ethical. Then one brisk fall day my tiny right foot hit the bus steps and I was off to my first day of school. It was in this one isolated incident in wh Beginning from birth until I was about five years old the only source that my five-year ich my brain began to fog up from the entire worlds views on ethics. Basically in the fraction of a second that it took my foot to make contact with the rubber stuff on the bus steps, I became perpetually confused as to what was right and what was wrong. As I made my way down the aisle of the bus I found a seat with a very scruffy little kid (Danny McCormick), whom would soon become my partner in crime. This was my best bud back in the day when days lasted weeks and weeks lasted years. Now being an extremely shy child I was his lackey, he said jump and I responded how high? We were that children who always had to sit on the wall during recess for throwing dirt at little Billy or for teasing little Susie about her stupid pink bow. To this day the smell of Windex will send me straight back to the days of cleaning the chalkboard and the desks during recess. Also we were the well-published chalkboard names with the vivacious yellow check mark strategically placed directly following. The two of us could be found at any given time together and probably causing trouble. So my best bud until about fourth grade basically taught me to be a little punk. Which totally went against everything my parents had taught me. Here is where I need to flashback to fill you in on my parent's background and what they had taught me until I started attending school. My parents are the basic run of the mile middle class parents. They are not: drug addicts, alcoholics, quick-tempered, violent, or in any way emotionally scaring. To sum it up my parents are the Huxtable's without all the sappy make you want to vomit scenes. They had always grilled a sense of love everyone, treat others the way you want to be treated view into my head. So meeting my little scruffy Danny was something extremely new and exciting to me. He taught me it could be fun to get in trouble, my parents of course thought otherwise and would try at all lengths to keep us apart. This was like trying to keep Bert away from Ernie. During the summer before fourth-grade Danny and his family moved to the upper- peninsula and we lost contact after about five years of what seemed like an everlasting friendship. I'm sure my parents were pained to see me hurt by the whole ordeal of losing my best buddy, but I also believe that they jumped for joy internally when he left in his parents beat-up old station wagon that day lost so long ago. The memory lives on and what he taught me will always be apart of what I hold ethical. Upon returning to school in the fall of the fourth grade I found myself surrounded by all the familiar faces minus one. I realized all these kids were the ones that we had tormented for so many years, why would they ever speak to me. So for a few days I basically kept to myself, went back to being really shy and I spoke to no one. My whole personality had changed into something these kids had never seen; I was not being a little bad ass. And one day a little curly-headed girl, (Heather Ross), whom we had repeatedly tormented, approached me and asked me to come over to her house and play and I did. This was the beginning of my second most beautiful friendship. Heather and I would do everything together just as Danny and I had, but this relationship was quite different. We didn't do everything to physically or emotionally injure another person, which was what I basically was doing for

Contemporary Issues in Corporations

Contemporary Issues in Corporations Overview of contemporary issues Contemporary issues refer to the various issues that might be facing the organization in the present time. These issues may include International Conflict, Terrorism, Waste Management, Natural Resources Energy Conservation, mobile technology and communication, and many other current issues.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Contemporary Issues in Corporations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In hospitality and tourism, the major contemporary issues include emotional intelligence, Professional Development (including employee empowerment, personality and conflict), Globalization and Cultural Diversity, Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility, values and Ethics. This paper will focus on corporate social responsibility as the contemporary issues facing hospitality industry. Corporate Social Responsibility In the hospitality industry, the issue of corporate social responsibility has been debated in detail and it is not yet clear how the industry should be regulated using corporate social responsibility actions. Corporate social responsibility deals with corporate conduct in respect to the broader societal values. It questions the responsibilities of hospitality establishment to the entire society. Despite the lack of an accepted theory of corporate social responsibility, it is obvious that CSR draws on the fields of ethics and morals, which are basic to most cultures (Averch, 1990). Hospitality establishments do not operate in a vacuum but constantly interact with the society. This is because it is a part of society. It interacts at a primary level with groups such as employees, distributors, consumers, stockholders, banks, suppliers and competitors. At a secondary level, it interacts with such institutions as governments, local communities, media social pressure groups, business support groups and the public. With all these interactions, hospitality establish ments cannot afford to go on with their businesses without responding to issues affecting these groups. Thus, the reaction of hospitality establishments towards these groups is the source of corporate social responsibility (Demsetz, 1979).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some people argue that there is no such thing as corporate social responsibility. Others argue that CSR must and will eventually result in long run profits, while others feel that modern organizations must undertake social responsibility regardless of the profit. Whatever the argument, the question of accountability arises making CSR become a major contemporary issue in the hospitality establishments (De Wit, 2004). Corporate social responsibility involves decisions. The corporate world is decision oriented and corporations have an impact on society through these decisions. Therefore, CSR raises t he question of rightfulness of decisions and of which decisions are more right. Furthermore, social responsibility goes beyond short run profitability of hospitality establishment. Merely meeting minimum legal and market directives does not constitute social responsibility. CSR is very subjective in nature and is influenced by the economic and social system within which it operates. For example, benefits from social responsibility do not directly accrue to the firm making the expenditure on social responsibility. CSR is hence a system holding that the corporation should respond to the moral and ethical values of society within which it is licensed and which it serves. A given corporation will draw from and shape the values of the society from which it draws its existence. CSR tries to fuse social values with profit maximization goals (Horn, 2009). During this century, there has been great change in what the society expects of its institutions and in what hospitality establishment re gard as the proper roles in organization. This change has gradually developed into a new concept of corporate social responsibility.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Contemporary Issues in Corporations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increasingly, many hospitality establishments are adopting the view that besides the obligations they have on their business, they have a personal responsibility to the society. Hospitality industry personnel and their managers are increasingly being held accountable for the social effects of their actions. However, it is not clear where such social responsibility begins and where it ends (Drucker, 1990). In other words, corporate social responsibility may refer to the moral and ethical content of managerial and corporate decisions. That is to mean that the values used in business decision making are over and above the requirement of the law and market economy (Trevino, 2007). Closely related to social responsibility is the concept of social responsiveness, which simply means the ability of a corporation to relate its operations and policies to the social environment in ways that are mutually beneficial to the economy and the society. The difference between social responsibility and social responsiveness is that the latter implies actions and the ‘how’ of enterprise responses. Two areas of corporate accountability exist in the hospitality industry. Conventionally, it shows that management is professionally responsible to the board of directors while the directors run the corporation for the shareholders who are the providers of capital to their corporation. It is logical that the shareholders expect a fair financial return for their investment. However, through separation of ownership and control, shareholders do not run the company. Therefore, by implication, management has the responsibility to ensure that the shareholders receive an adequate retur n. Broadly and with a more modern view, hospitality establishments should be accountable to employees, customers, suppliers and the state. In short, corporations should respond to external forces that are of value to it. It is from these external forces that the corporation draws its existence. How then can it operate without them?Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CSR involves decisions – the hospitality industry is decision-oriented and corporations have an impact on society through these decisions. Therefore, CSR needs to know how correct the decisions are and which of them are more applicable. Social responsibility goes beyond short run profitability, merely meeting minimum legal and market directives do not constitute social responsibility. CSR is very subjective in nature and is influenced by the economic and social system within which it operates (Stephen, 2007). Social responsibility does not directly accrue to the firm making the expenditure on social responsibility. CSR is hence a system holding that the corporation should respond to the moral and ethical values of society within which it is licensed and which it serves. A given corporation will draw from and shape the values of the society from which it draws its existence. CSR tries to fuse social values with profit maximization goals. Many organizations have thus been evalu ating the benefits and problems that are associated with corporate social responsibility. Some business organizations argue for but others are against them. Those supporting it say that since businesses create some problem, they should solve them as well as the fact that organizations owe society for supply of resources. Those arguing against it say that social responsibility gives corporations too much power and that it will decrease profits and end up contradicting the real reason for firms’ existence. The idea behind corporate social responsibility in hospitality industry has been articulated in several ways. In practice, the rationale of corporate social responsibility is about building sustainable businesses, which need healthy economies, markets and communities. The core drivers for corporate social responsibility include enlightened self-interest. This creates an ethical synergy and cohesion in sustainable global market economies. This driver enables the communities an d labor markets to function well together in the hospitality industries. Social investment, as corporate social responsibility driver, contributes to physical development of infrastructure in the hotel industry and promotes the use of social capital as an important tool of doing business. On the other hand, transparency and trust as corporate social driver affect the hospitality establishments in the view of how businesses perceive trust issues in public. There is increasing expectation that hospitality establishments will be more aggressive, accountable and better prepared to report publicly on their performance in terms of social and environmental issues. Other aspects of corporate responsibility is geared towards increasing public expectations of business, hospitality establishments are thus expected to achieve much more than just providing job opportunities that increase economic growth through taxes and employment (Arrow, 1951). There are different areas of social responsibilit y that hospitality establishments can exercise. This includes business giving donations, ecology and ensuring environmental quality such as noise control and aesthetic improvement. It should also ensure consumerism such as in the control of harmful products. Some provide community needs such as the improvement of health care and education. Government relations such as the restriction on lobbying and internal relations, labor relations such as the expansion of employee rights, and promoting stockholder relations such as providing full financial disclosures are also necessary. Companies are often in a position to do most of these things but the challenge to most corporations is the absence of immediate benefit (Adams, 1965). Studies have also shown that there is a certain pattern of response to social demands. Hence, hospitality establishments can respond to social demands in three strategic approaches. The first one is adoptive strategy. This involves changing only when you are force d to do so by the society. This implies complying with the law. The law gives business a general guideline of what is expected by a society. Legal compliance is the minimum that is expected by a society. Organizations that use this strategy adopt or react to the environment only when there is strong outside pressure. For example, the producers of body perfumes have to be ozone friendly. The second one is proactive strategy. This involves an attempt at shaping the environment. The company using this strategy tries to manipulate the environment in ways that will be to their advantage. The steps they take may or may not be to the interest of the society in the end. For example, paying off politicians to avoid scrutiny is done to their own advantage. The last one is interactive strategy. When a company is able to anticipate environmental changes and blend its own goals with those of the society, then it is said to have taken an interactive strategy. This involves reducing the gap betwee n public expectations and business performance. This calls for knowhow and skills on how to manage the company’s social relations with external forces, which may affect the company. That is, the firm tries to interact with the surrounding social environment in ways that will be mutually beneficial (Buckley, 1976). Contribution of these trends towards Career growth and personal development Corporate social responsibility is by far the most influential recent trend that contributes towards the survival of most businesses in the corporate world. Learning and appreciating this issue has enabled me to realize the need for giving back to the society. This has strengthened my work-life relationship and has also helped me develop my career in the hospitality industry since it highlights on how to make better decisions and improve personal development. This has improved both my personal and professional development. This issue has enabled me appreciate the need to have professional co nduct and know how to deal with people in real life situation and as professionally as possible. In terms of personal development, corporate social responsibility has improved how I view the general roles expected of businesses and individual towards the community. The social responsibility principle is a modern concept that provides businesses and organizations with corporate priorities. They are of significant influence to the way the organizations operate and especially its survival in the near future. Customers are increasingly showing interest in doing business with those organizations that demonstrate responsibility and ethical practices. Those organizations that fail to achieve this suffer the consequences in many different ways. This may be through the loss of market share, which will reduce revenues and in the end, it may put organizations out of business. Therefore, social responsibility decisions are of utmost importance in the running of any organization. Corporate socia l responsibility is what separates the successful hospitality establishments from the losers in the modern corporate world. It also determines the decisions that a company makes in ethical matters that would determine the success or failure of the company. Conclusion The hospitality industry should work towards developing strategies and making radical rehabilitations on the image of the various establishments through adopting and being keen on the effects of the various contemporary issues faced. On one hand, corporate social responsibility may be a vital contemporary issue and so is the future of the hotel’s profits. Therefore, hotel establishments should be very cautious and on watch for potential contemporary issues. References Adams, J 1965, ‘Inequality in Social Exchange’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 267. Arrow, KJ 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values, John Wiley, New York. Averch, H Johnson, LL 1990, ‘Behavior of the firm under regulatory constraint’, American Economic Review, Vol.52, pp. 1052. Buckley, PJ Casson M 1976, The Future of Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan, London. De Wit, B Meyer, R 2004, Strategy: process, content and context, Thomson, London. Demsetz, H 1979, ‘Ethics and Efficiency in Property Rights Systems’, Exploration of Austrian Themes, pp. 97. Drucker, PF 1990, ‘Ethics in Management’, The Practice of Management, pp.124-125. Horn, R 2009, The business skills handbook, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Stephen, G, Dirk, DS Daniel S 2007, Managing social and ethical issues in organizations, IAP, New York. Trevino, L Nelson KW 2007, Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right, Hoboken, NJ.

Images of Men in Vietnam films essays

Images of Men in Vietnam films essays Since the beginning of the semester our class has watched many different films about the Vietnam War and throughout all of these films there has been a very consistent flow of the roles played by the sergeants, commanders, lieutenants, every other man in charge and the only key feature has been their race. Out of all of the movies and various directors you would think that there would have been a small change or maybe even a different look at what it was like to be a minority in the Vietnam War. A good example of how this could have been done comes in the movie, Glory, which tells not only of how the whites were involved in the Civil War, but it also tells the story of the 54th Massachusetts, which was one of the first all black regiments involved in the war. So you would have thought that because of the significance of the Vietnam War at least one director would have shown the war from a different view instead of the view from the white man, however this does not occur. So in the f ollowing paper I will attempt to show how in almost every movie we watched this semester was created about the Vietnam War and centered around a white leader or leaders, who seem to have a rough, hard nosed personality and they lived and breathed for the United States Marine Corp. A few of the movies that I will attempt to show examples of how this was done will be Full Metal Jacket, We Were Soldiers, The Deer Hunter, and Platoon. ...

Human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human rights - Research Paper Example The current international human rights paradigm emerges from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. This supra-national charter focused on the specific principles and goals of international human rights legislation and has served to guide the behavior of nations. (Beitz, 2009) The Declaration lays out the structure of rights system and describes the mechanisms that must exist within institutions. What this means is that a legal system can be understood as a control system which is instrumental in controlling and regulating the actions of its individuals. Yet, there is also an urgent necessity to restrain government in its wielding of power to avoid civil liberty and human rights abuses (Glendon, 2001). Therefore, a mechanism must exist to ensure proper redress within an institution or society to protect this vital but delicate balance. Examples of the fragility of this balance are plentiful. While many societies will agree that for instance freedom of assembly is guarante ed in many situations the government and police have failed to protect this right.

Causes and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Urban China Essay

Causes and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Urban China - Essay Example 2005 pp2132) (Appendix i). Because of the human body's need to properly process and synthesize dietary sugar, an ailment which interferes with that process intrudes into fundamental health and lifestyle choices of affected individuals. In addition, because the disease can also include debilitating complications such as blindness or sensory impairment (WHO_FS 138 2002: 1), diabetes not only has a devastating impact on individuals, but also on their regions, their countries, and the world at large. To fully understand the crisis represented by this disease, it is important to establish its causes and contributing physiological and behavioural phenomena. Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. The resulting hyperglycemia and related metabolic disturbances can lead to serious damage to many of the body's systems, particularly nerves and blood vessels (WHO_FS 138 2002: pp.1). There are two principle forms of diabetes, known as type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is characterized by failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, and type 2 by the inability to properly utilize insulin. Treatment normally consists of insulin injections type 1 diabetics, and oral medications in conjunction with lifestyle changes for type

Research PAPER on Greasy Lake Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Greasy Lake - Research Paper Example Evidence of being wealthy is because firstly, Digby’s parents pay his tuition at Cornell. Secondly, the narrator’s parents bought him a nice car. Thirdly, the boys live in a town with â€Å"housing developments, shopping malls and street lights, (Boyle, 396). Lastly they abuse drugs like coke and cocaine which are not cheap. The boys being nineteen years old think they are now adults and can do whatever they want, and they choose to be known as horrific boys in the small town (Youngs, 23). In my view, the boys option of being dreadful may have been brought about by the fact that they were living in a wealthy neighborhood where nothing much happens so they were bored (McDowell & Hostetler, 24). The narrator describes himself and his friends as appallingly awful characters. Their outrageous reputation is revealed by their clothes, the narrator says, â€Å"we wore torn up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouths, sniffed glue and ether and what some body claimed was cocaine (Boyle, 125).† Parents want their young children to be clean shaven, but in this case, â€Å"†¦Digby wore a gold star in his right ear†. To further characterize their gross character the narrator describes the manner in which the three boys lived their daily lives. He says â€Å"...Able to mange a ford with lousy shocks over a rutted and gutted blacktop road at 85 while rolling a joint (Boyle, 124).† This illustrates how the boys were living recklessly and dangerously, but they are not terrible as they try to prove. This is evidenced when Digby allows his parents to pay his tuition fees to Cornell because he wants to go to school. These actions get the boys think they are the toughest boys around. In my judgment, I reckon the boys to be small adults who are rebellious and aggressive (McDowell & Hostetler, 25). This is a stage of life that everybody has to go through just like the three teenagers were experiencing. The boys in Greasy Lake situation are made worse because of boredom and resources they can afford to spend around. The night the reality of the consequences of being horrible dawns on them is when they run into much trouble than they anticipated. The boys are troublesome as well as naughty; thus they decide to play a grim trick on their friend. It is three days after the summer break and the boys go â€Å"in search of thrills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Boyle, 120). They go into their usual place where a majority of people like to hang out during the day, but they go at night. The boys are soon to realize that bad boys are those born in the streets and who fend for themselves on the streets. As for me, I think the boys are not that tough they are just naive. This is because they are still young and have no clue as to the realities of life (Youngs, 24). Furthermore, they own nothing as they drive their mother’s cars and use their dad’s money. They are just trying to prove what they are not. Greasy La ke was once a clear and magnificent water body, but time has deteriorated it the author describes the river as â€Å"... Now it was fetid and murky, the mud banks glittering with broken glass and strewn beer cans and the charred remains of bonfires. .. So stripped of vegetation, it looked like the air force had strafed it† (Boyle, 125). The place is just awful, but I can relate the symbolism depicted by the author. Just like the boys were courteous sometime before, as one confesses that he has never had to fight since sixth grade, they are now filthy, just

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Essay

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Security Class - Essay Example to wane over time, supporting Erik Auf der Heide when he declared that â€Å"interest in disaster preparedness is proportional to the recency and magnitude of the last disaster.† (p. 3) such public attitude has been crucial in national policymaking that determines America’s preparedness for terrorist attacks. When the 9/11 disaster occurred, the public and the government were finally seized with the realization of how important it is to address the issue. This did not come, however, without a price. Hundreds of Americans lost their lives and the impact of the crumbling Twin Towers sent ripples not only economically but also in the psyche of America as a nation. Scholars point to tragedies such as the 9/11 as some catalyst that spur the public and authorities into action. They become opportunities in order to improve the emergency response capability in America. Immediately after the 9/11 incident, the FBI Academy Handbook stressed that in addition to improving capabilit y, there is now a need for an active municipal and citizen involvement to fight terrorism. It stressed that these stakeholders are the in the frontlines in the on-going battle, being the first to be affected and the first to respond in cases of terrorist attacks. (IBP 2002, p. 48) For this purpose, there is now a concerted effort to improve municipal capabilities and resources to address the terrorist problem. The Office of the Homeland Security leads these efforts. This brief outlines the program that has been set in place in Carroll County as part of its role in the national strategy for terrorist threat preparedness. One of the most important of the county’s goal is to ensure that the Fire and EMS departments are integrated and coordinated to effectively carry out the responsibilities assigned by Homeland Security. Currently, the EMS and the fire departments in Carroll County work in a loosely coordinated system and mostly staffed by volunteers. The landscape is a primarily a consequence of

Freshii restaurant (report about staffing and job analysis ) Assignment

Freshii restaurant (report about staffing and job analysis ) - Assignment Example On the other hand, Bayo-Moriones & Ortà ­n-à ngel (2006, p.451) mentioned that â€Å"Internal promotions are used to protect and favor specific investments, especially those made by firms to assess their workers skills† (p.451). For fresh employees, only one month is fixed as probation period in Freshlii restaurant. Thereafter, the newly recruited employees will be accepted as permanent staff. Some of the prerequisites for a person to consider for a job position in Freshii restaurant are; knowledge about healthy diet, restaurant business in UAE, UAE’s local culture, etc. Moreover, they should have skills such as money and man management as well as problem solving, decision making, English language skills and communication skills. The importance of communication skills for the success of an employee is better understood by Freshii restaurant. Since the business of Freshii is smaller in size, the company is keen on employing more fresh talents. At the same time, the company is interested in keeping a diverse workforce by blending the fresh and experienced employees in a proper manner. The company knows that fresh employees may bring fresh ideas and the support of experienced employees is necessary for the fine tuning of those new ideas brought by the new employees. Honesty is the most important requirement while the company is looking for the recruitment of new employees. Only honest employees would bring better results to the company. Moreover, communication skills and competitiveness are some of the other requirements for an employee to excel in his profession in Freshii. Both verbal and nonverbal communication abilities are essential for a person to get a job Freshii restaurant. â€Å"Verbal communication is the communication which uses words whereas nonverbal communication is the communication which uses body languages†

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Essay

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Security Class - Essay Example to wane over time, supporting Erik Auf der Heide when he declared that â€Å"interest in disaster preparedness is proportional to the recency and magnitude of the last disaster.† (p. 3) such public attitude has been crucial in national policymaking that determines America’s preparedness for terrorist attacks. When the 9/11 disaster occurred, the public and the government were finally seized with the realization of how important it is to address the issue. This did not come, however, without a price. Hundreds of Americans lost their lives and the impact of the crumbling Twin Towers sent ripples not only economically but also in the psyche of America as a nation. Scholars point to tragedies such as the 9/11 as some catalyst that spur the public and authorities into action. They become opportunities in order to improve the emergency response capability in America. Immediately after the 9/11 incident, the FBI Academy Handbook stressed that in addition to improving capabilit y, there is now a need for an active municipal and citizen involvement to fight terrorism. It stressed that these stakeholders are the in the frontlines in the on-going battle, being the first to be affected and the first to respond in cases of terrorist attacks. (IBP 2002, p. 48) For this purpose, there is now a concerted effort to improve municipal capabilities and resources to address the terrorist problem. The Office of the Homeland Security leads these efforts. This brief outlines the program that has been set in place in Carroll County as part of its role in the national strategy for terrorist threat preparedness. One of the most important of the county’s goal is to ensure that the Fire and EMS departments are integrated and coordinated to effectively carry out the responsibilities assigned by Homeland Security. Currently, the EMS and the fire departments in Carroll County work in a loosely coordinated system and mostly staffed by volunteers. The landscape is a primarily a consequence of

Change and Development in the English Language111 Essay

Change and Development in the English Language111 - Essay Example Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo, gave an example that the rule of pronouncing the letter "r". The concept of linking "r" which is used in British accent and it made difficult for the Americans to interpret certain words. This is a wide gap that made problem for the correspondence of the established and current English. 3. Elision: Due to less stress for words or letter the sound is omitted while pronouncing. As per Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo there are two types, in omitting the sounds either at the start or at the end of a word and it is called as aphesis and apocope respectively. 3. The History: The history of English language also is a cause for the diversity involved in the language. The English language is constructed from Greek and Latin. The people from different places took place in the event of the spreading of English language. And so there is a clear difference between the modern and established English. 4. Spellings and Pronunciation Variation: "The traditional words like bade are being transformed into bed" ( Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo, ch 3, pg 52). This is because of the adjustment made between the pronunciation and spelling. Hence pronunciation gap between the modern and traditional language.

Working arrangements at Richer Sounds Essay Example for Free

Working arrangements at Richer Sounds Essay The majority of the people Richer Sounds employ are employed on a permanent basis. All these people are issued with a written contract of employment. Permanent workers are given a 20 day paid holiday each year, this increase after six years by 1 day extra holiday per year, so if they work for 10 years they can get up to 25 days paid holiday a year. They are also entitled to sick pay, where they will be paid their normal wage for the first 10 days, then half of the wage for the next 20 days and after 30 days they will need to claim for government statutory sick pay. People who come to work on a temporary basis wouldnt be issued with a written contract of employment. Temporary employment is mainly done during busy periods such as Christmas, where colleges will be employed for a short time and their work will end as soon as the sale period is over.  Most colleagues in Richer Sounds work full time although their hours vary, because not all stores have taken the new working arrangement, which is to work from 12 noon to 7pm. A normal working week will be a total of 42.5 hours per week and for the stores who have changed to the new working arrangement it will be less. Contract of employment The contract is a written legally binding document provided by the employer for employee, the contract states in detail of what the employees terms and conditions are.  The terms of employment for colleagues in Richer Sounds are that they obey the rules of employment and codes of conduct; these are the two main and most important terms in Richer Sounds. The rules of employment are split into two sections. Section A are rules that Richer Sounds have decided for the company and section B are rules for the colleagues of Richer Sounds. Richer Sounds Advertise for new colleagues by advertising their vacancies within every edition of the in-store catalogue and website. Usually these vacancies are for needs of new sales person or need of new employees to work in the departments. This generates ongoing applications (CVs) from many interested people. If there are no vacancies at the time, then the company keeps a record of all the people who have applied for Richer Sounds, for a max of six months. These adverts saves the company major amounts of money, because if they were to publish it on the newspaper then they would have to pay a certain amount of money to the newspaper company, therefore the idea of publishing vacancy adverts on their catalogues and website is a really good way to save money. If the company doesnt receive any phone calls or reply from any people regarding an interest in the job, then the company will have to publish the ad in the newspapers, this way a wider range of people would be able to view it. Colleagues in Richer Sounds are also advised to introduce his/her friends or relatives to the business; however these applicants must also follow the same rules of the application process as all others do. Richer Sounds Advertise for new colleagues by advertising their vacancies within every edition of the in-store catalogue and website. Usually these vacancies are for needs of new sales person or need of new employees to work in the departments. This generates ongoing applications (CVs) from many interested people. If there are no vacancies at the time, then the company keeps a record of all the people who have applied for Richer Sounds, for a max of six months. These adverts saves the company major amounts of money, because if they were to publish it on the newspaper then they would have to pay a certain amount of money to the newspaper company, therefore the idea of publishing vacancy adverts on their catalogues and website is a really good way to save money. If the company doesnt receive any phone calls or reply from any people regarding an interest in the job, then the company will have to publish the ad in the newspapers, this way a wider range of people would be able to view it.  Colleagues in Richer Sounds are also advised to introduce his/her friends or relatives to the business; however these applicants must also follow the same rules of the application process as all others do.

The hippocratic oath

The hippocratic oath This is the scenario: You are terminally ill, all medical treatments acceptable to you have been exhausted, and the suffering in its different forms is unbearable. Because the illness is serious, you recognize that your life is drawing to a close. Euthanasia comes to mind as a way of release. The dilemma is awesome. But it has to be faced. Should you battle on, take the pain, endure the indignity, and await the inevitable end, which may be days, weeks, or months away? Or should you take control of the situation and resort to some form of euthanasia, which in its modern-language definition has come to mean help with a good death? (Humphry, 1) The aforementioned circumstance is one that millions of people meet in the United States each year; despite the worlds advanced medical technologies, no one has discovered cures for diseases such as cancer or AIDS. Euthanasia is when a doctor intentionally kills a person by the administration of drugs at that persons voluntary and competent reque st. Physician assisted suicide is when a doctor intentionally helps a patient to commit suicide by providing drugs for self-administration at that persons voluntary and competent request. The euthanasia of humans probably dates back to the beginning of time but the earliest mention of it can be noted in the Hippocratic Oath. The use of the Hippocratic Oath has continued since it was adopted by those in the medical profession but not all types of euthanasia are openly linked to doctors. Uses in colonial America, Europe during the Holocaust, and even most cases in modern society today do not involve direct contact by a doctor. The Hippocratic Oath was written between 400 and 300 B.C. The exact date is not known because the work is likely not that of Hippocrates; many professors and higher scholars who taught in that era took the works of their pupils and submitted them as their own. This oath is only mentioned in accordance when speaking about euthanasia because it is the first document essentially discerning the act of euthanasia. Hippocrates stated I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. In the modern version of the Hippocratic Oath, this has been translated to I will apply dietic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I ma ke a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness, I will guard my life and my art. Around the 1970s, many medical schools in America and other countries chose to abandon the use of the Hippocratic oath as part of their ceremony for graduation so many doctors who treat patients now have no idea what the oath is comprised of. The old Hippocratic Oath is no longer suitable for modern times and is, therefore, subject to a variety of interpretations. Depending on the individual, such oaths may be perceived critical to the way in which a particular physician perceives himself or herself, or it may be seen as another rite of passage, important in form but unimportant in detail. Even, however, if it is believed to be merely a symbolic rite of passage that does not become a part of what an individual thinks he/she is, it does constitute a public avowal and a public pledge. These oaths almost invariably promise, above all, fealty to ones actual or potential patients and to work for their good regardless of religion or lack thereof, race, ethnicity, gender, party or socioeconomic considerations. It is said to be freely taken and not to have been coerced (Loewy, 1). This being said, most doctors assume that it is morally wrong to kill a patient no matter their medical history or the oath they took at the time of their completion of medical school. When confronted with the concept of human euthanasia, countless people would say that they would want their family member alleviated of pain when in the process of death, so why not provide a catalyst in the process of dying by early euthanization instead of letting them experience misery for a longer period? The main question when speaking of physician assisted suicide, or even suicide for medical reasons, is: should it be conducted? From The Arguments for Euthanasia, Past U.S. and British advocates typically adduced the same four arguments used today to justify euthanasia: 1) It is a human right born of self-determination; 2) it would produce more good than harm, mainly through pain relief; 3) there is no substantive distinction between active euthanasia and the withdrawal of the life-sustaining medical interventions; and 4) its legalization would not produce deleterious consequence. As Eugene Debs and Dr. Millard claimed in 1913 and 1931, respectively, patients have a right to con trol the manner of their death and, more specifically, terminally ill patients have the right to a quick and painless death with physicians help (Emanuel, 3). Overall, Eugene Debs and Dr. Millard were correct in their beliefs at the time but as the world has become industrialized, so have the reasons developed for which euthanasia should be legalized. As stated before, the natural extension of patient rights and alleviation of suffering of terminally ill patients are key points; however, now we can see reasons such as minimization of health care costs when it does not aid in the betterment of the patient. Emanuel brings up another great factor in his Arguments for Euthanasia passage when he mentions a passage from A. Bach-Medico-Legal Congress, There are also cases in which the ending of human life by physicians is not only morally right, but an act of humanity. I refer to cases of absolutely incurable, fatal and agonizing disease or condition, where death is certain and necessarily attended by excruciating pain, when it is the wish of the victim that a deadly drug should be administered to end his life and terminate his irremediable suffering (Emanuel, 3). Many people have written letters and provided in depth stories as to why they think suicide by the terminally ill is justified. Before Carol Bernstein Ferry took her own life in 2001, she wrote a letter explaining her decision in the hopes that it would contribute to an understanding of euthanasia. That is why I am writing this letter, explaining why I choose to take active steps to end my life rather than waiting for death to come gradually. With his letter I also want to make it clear that, although I have the support and tacit agreement of my children and close friends, no one but myself will take the steps that cause death. If is unfortunate that I must say this; our laws are at a destructive point just now, so if anyone other than myself actually causes my death, that person will be liable to convictio n as a felon. What an absurdity! To help someone facing a time-whether short or long-of pain and distress, whose death coming bit by bit can cause major sorrow and anxiety to family and friends, not to mention the medical help, quite useless, that must be expended in order to maintain a bearable level of pain-that this sensible deed can be construed a crime is a blot on tour legal system and on our power of thought (Ferry, 8). Many in government either feel very negatively towards Ferrys attitude or are afraid to express their true feelings on the subject as the opposite spectrum of the euthanasia debate-negatives of legalization-is broached. Any of the types of physician assisted suicide, whether it be direct (as in the doctor being present) or indirect (as in the doctor prescribing enough medication to overdose) can be construed as homicide, although it would technically be hard to tell in the case of indirect assistance since many of the amounts of medicine that terminally ill pa tients take can cause an overdose simply by accident. Much weight is placed on the Hippocratic injunction to do no harm. It has been asserted that sanctioning physician-assisted suicide would give doctors as license to kill, and physicians who accede to such requests have been branded by some as murderers. This is both illogical and inflammatory. Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment-for example, disconnecting a ventilator at a patients request-is accepted by society, yet this requires a more definitive act by a physician than prescribing a medication that a patient has requested and is free to take or not, as he or she sees fit. Why should the latter be perceived as doing harm when the former is not (Rogatz, 31)? When articulating on the subject of euthanasia, most people present the fact that advanced medical technology has made it possible to increase human life span and treat patients in pain as in The Ethics of Euthanasia, It is argued that requests for assisted suicide come largely from patients who havent received adequate pain control or who are clinically depressed and havent been properly diagnosed or treated. There is no question that proper management of such conditions would significantly reduce the number of patients who consider suicide.However, treatable pain is not the only reason, or even the most common reason, why patients seek to end their lives. Severe body wasting, intractable vomiting, urinary and bowel incontinence, immobility, and total dependence are recognized as more important than pain in the desire for hastened death (Rogatz, 31). This stated, the more dependent people become upon their family or people employed to care for them, the more they know that their lives are ready to be over. At this point in time, many people who wish to die can simply have themselves removed from whatever machines may be extending their lives though this rarely leads to an immediate death and causes numerous patients to suffer if doctors will not p rescribe medication for pain treatment. It is argued that requests for assisted suicide are not frequent enough to warrant changing the law. Interestingly, some physicians say they have rarely, if ever, received such requests, while others say they have often received requests. This is a curious discrepancy, but I think it can be explained: the patient who seeks help with suicide will cautiously test a physicians receptivity to the idea and simply wont approach a physician who is unreceptive. Thus, there are two subsets of physicians in this situation: those who are open to the idea of assisted suicide and those who arent (Rogatz, 31). This seems to be a trend among authors who loom along the offenses of being protagonists in the line of PAS because Humphry and Clement also mention the decline of the doctor-patient relationship early in their book. Societal changes and discretionary abuses within the medical community have led to a distrust of the medical profession and a decline in the doctor-patient relationship. This deterioration of confidence is yet another force of activism that has propelled PAS to its current mainstream status. The elements of trust that existed before World War II were strong enough to legitimize a paternalistic attitude on the part of the doctor. But when trust diminished, so did the publics willingness to accept the doctors authority. Patient autonomy, spurred on by the rights culture of the 1960, increased, and with it came further acceptance of the right-to-die movementOpinion surveys have, over the years, inquired into the degree of confidence that Americans have in various institutions including congress, the press, universities, and the medical profession. The declines have been dramatic and nowhere more pronounced than in medicine. Looking at confidence in medicine from 1966-1994, the numbers speak for themselves: seventy-three percent (1966), forty-three percent (1975), thirty-five percent (1985), and twenty-three percent (19 94) (Clement, 35). Granted the studies are quite a bit dated, this was the most up-to-date information when the book was published, and is still the most correctly represented data used today. It is often argued that once we open the door physician-assisted suicide, we will find ourselves on a slippery slope

Wireless Area Networks Essay -- Technology Technological Essays

Wireless Area Networks Wireless technology has become an increasingly crucial part of today's world. From health care and retail to academia across the world, wireless systems are improving the rate and ease with which data is sent and received. Two specific examples of the wireless technology used today personally and professionally are local area networks (LAN) and personal area networks (PAN). A wireless local area network, or LAN is a flexible data communications system implemented as an augmentation to, or an alternative for a, wired local area network. These networks rely on electromagnetic airwaves to transmit and receive over a defined area, usually a few hundred feet. (Yahoo-wireless) In most cases, a wireless transmitter will be connected directly to a wired land network using Ethernet cables. Once the network feed has been connected to the transmitter, and a constant power supply is established, a steady stream of radio, or infrared waves with be produced (both are electromagnetic waves). The vast majority of wireless LAN systems tend to rely on radio waves as the carries for their signals, because infrared waves tend to have a shorter distance at which they are able to transmit, and are more easily interrupted. Radio waves, or radio carriers as they are referred to, transfer data through modulations of the carrier signal. The addition of d ata to a radio carrier causes the signal to occupy more than a single frequency. Once data is imprinted onto the radio signal it is a simple reversal of the transmitting process that allows the information to be decoded by a receiving station. (Rho Wireless) Radio waves offer another benefit to the wireless system in... ...ta instantaneous and without the hindrance of cables. Whether or not wireless systems are practical or necessary in a given situation is a matter of personal opinion. However, one cannot dispute the success these systems have had in numerous professional and personal areas and it is very likely that usage of LAN and PAN wireless systems will increase dramatically in the near future as technology continues to advance and evolve. Bibliography Rho Wireless. Wireless Local Area Networks. Oct. 20, 2003. Oct. 25, 2003. www.rhowireless.com/lans.htm Bluetooth Corporation. Bluetooth. 2003. Oct. 20, 2003. www.bluetooth.com Yahoo Wireless. Wireless LAN. 2003. Oct. 20, 2003. www.wireless-lan.com Home Networking Internet Sharing. Home help-802.11b. 2001. Oct. 22, 2003. www.homehelp.com/802.11b/index.asp Wireless Area Networks Essay -- Technology Technological Essays Wireless Area Networks Wireless technology has become an increasingly crucial part of today's world. From health care and retail to academia across the world, wireless systems are improving the rate and ease with which data is sent and received. Two specific examples of the wireless technology used today personally and professionally are local area networks (LAN) and personal area networks (PAN). A wireless local area network, or LAN is a flexible data communications system implemented as an augmentation to, or an alternative for a, wired local area network. These networks rely on electromagnetic airwaves to transmit and receive over a defined area, usually a few hundred feet. (Yahoo-wireless) In most cases, a wireless transmitter will be connected directly to a wired land network using Ethernet cables. Once the network feed has been connected to the transmitter, and a constant power supply is established, a steady stream of radio, or infrared waves with be produced (both are electromagnetic waves). The vast majority of wireless LAN systems tend to rely on radio waves as the carries for their signals, because infrared waves tend to have a shorter distance at which they are able to transmit, and are more easily interrupted. Radio waves, or radio carriers as they are referred to, transfer data through modulations of the carrier signal. The addition of d ata to a radio carrier causes the signal to occupy more than a single frequency. Once data is imprinted onto the radio signal it is a simple reversal of the transmitting process that allows the information to be decoded by a receiving station. (Rho Wireless) Radio waves offer another benefit to the wireless system in... ...ta instantaneous and without the hindrance of cables. Whether or not wireless systems are practical or necessary in a given situation is a matter of personal opinion. However, one cannot dispute the success these systems have had in numerous professional and personal areas and it is very likely that usage of LAN and PAN wireless systems will increase dramatically in the near future as technology continues to advance and evolve. Bibliography Rho Wireless. Wireless Local Area Networks. Oct. 20, 2003. Oct. 25, 2003. www.rhowireless.com/lans.htm Bluetooth Corporation. Bluetooth. 2003. Oct. 20, 2003. www.bluetooth.com Yahoo Wireless. Wireless LAN. 2003. Oct. 20, 2003. www.wireless-lan.com Home Networking Internet Sharing. Home help-802.11b. 2001. Oct. 22, 2003. www.homehelp.com/802.11b/index.asp

Changing Gender Roles in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbet

Changing Gender Roles in William Shakespeare's Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Much attention has been paid to the theme of "manliness" as it appears throughout Macbeth. In his introduction to Macbeth in The Riverside Shakespeare, Frank Kermode contends that the play is "about the eclipse of civility and manhood, [and] the temporary triumph of evil" (1307). Stephen Greenblatt emphasizes the same idea in The Norton Shakespeare, crediting Lady Macbeth for encouraging her husband through both "sexual taunting" and "the terrible force of her determination" (2557-58). Macbeth responds to his wife with "a clear sense of the proper boundaries of his identity as a male and as a human being, [telling her] 'I dare do all that may become a man;/Who dares do more is none' (I.7.46-47)" (2558). Both Kermode's and Greenblatt's notions focus upon how Macbeth's masculinity is recognized and defined -- by Macbeth himself as well as by the potentially influential people who surround him. The critics who introduce the play in these major anthologies perceive the same weakness in Macbeth's character as the apparently evil forces who play upon it do: Macbeth's masculinity becomes the psychological vehicle through which he becomes incensed, inspired, and finally incited to action. If Macbeth's "manliness" is to be questioned, it is not likely to occur within the male-dominated world of battlefields and military victories which Shakespeare introduces in Act I, Scene 2. In this passage, the bleeding Captain praises Macbeth's heroism, contending . . . brave Macbeth--well he deserves that name!-- Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel Which smoked with bloody execution, Like valour's minion Carved out his passage till he faced the slave, Which ne... ... Universities Modern Language Association 70 (Nov. 1988): 366-85. Dolan, Frances. The Taming of the Shrew: Texts and Contexts. Boston: Bedford, 1996. Greenblatt, Stephen. "Introduction to Macbeth." The Norton Shakespeare. New York: Norton, 1997. 2555-63. Hawkins, Michael. "History, politics, and Macbeth." Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. London: Routledge, 1982. 155-88. Kermode, Frank. "Introduction to Macbeth." The Riverside Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton, 1974. 1307-11. Stallybrass, Peter. "Macbeth and Witchcraft." Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. London: Routledge, 1982. 189-209. Williamson, Marily L. "Violence and Gender Ideology." Shakespeare Left and Right. Ed. Ivo Kamps et al. New York: Routledge, 1991. 157-66. Winstanley, Lilian. Macbeth, King Lear, and Contemporary History. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1922.

Othello, the Moor of Venice: Psychological Approach

William Shakespeare’s drama, â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice,† may be interpreted in both a Freudian and Jungian way within the psychological criticism of literature. There three main characters in the story: Othello, the Moor in the service of the Venetian state, his wife Desdemona, and Othello’s wicked servant Iago. From the Freudian point of view, both male characters, Othello (master) and Iago (servant) have the developed id (the part of the human mind that seeks pleasure). At the same time, they suffer from a weak ego (the part of the mind that controls the id's impulses, letting them go a normal way). The ego can not stand between the id and the superego (the part of the mind that represses the id's impulses), so the men’s instincts are bare and cause them into trouble. Othello kills Desdemona and himself and Iago also murders his wife Emilia and is a few steps from being tortured severely. Iago's superego represses his sexual desires as inappropriate for society. His id does not agree with it and is released through betrayal, thievery and lie. All these in the case of Iago become a fake sex intercourse. Deep in his soul Iago treats sex as a â€Å"bad† and shameful thing. His code of behavior and the words about women make his point clear. For Iago the most pleasant thing is to talk badly about Desdemona and his own wife. Thus the servant acts as a ready-made sadist, a type who finds joy and satisfaction only when he makes other people unhappy. Besides he is a man who is not taught to forgive. His place in life is cheap and subordinate so Iago feels good when he oppresses and manipulates the others like Roderigo. It is curious to look closer at the personages’ skin-color. â€Å"Good† master is black and â€Å"bad† servant is white. It creates a very interesting effect so far as Iago’s black soul matches Othello’s black skin and this makes them equal. From the Freudian point of view, sexual motives penetrate all through the text. To begin with, sex may be the motivation for Iago to hate his master so much. Othello did not treat Iago as a candidate for the lieutenant’s position. Iago speaks about his hurt feelings but that seems a bit unnatural as the man mentions this reason only a few times. The reader can not then make the idea of what in Othello made Iago so wild. One may even suggest that Iago and Othello are latent homosexuals and Iago’s hatred for Othello is the perverted form of love. There are some evidences throughout the play of both master and servant paying attention to women, especially on Iago’s side. But is not it a shift of his desire for the Moor onto the female characters if to scan the play through the Freudian lens? The central female character of the play is Desdemona. She steps out as a victim of two suspected in homosexuality males, Othello and Iago. First, let us recall under what circumstances she married to the Moor. It was against Brabantio’s (Desdemona’s father) will. The girl left home in the night with Othello. He was definitely older than Desdemona and seemed to resemble a father to her in age and manners. This is a case of Electra’s complex, when a female hates her own father and wants to hurt him. Brabantio died of grief because she married to Othello. Desdemona wanted to find the father’s twin in Othello and killed his good feelings though being unaware of it till the very end. Besides killing her own daddy Desdemona subconsciously wanted to die herself because she felt guilty for hating Brabantio and wishing him die. Othello's attitude to the wife and his mad jealousy perfectly fit into the theory of Oedipus complex, when a man sees his mother in every woman he meets in life. The Moor often behaves as a child, for example when he speaks about his noble parents and high qualities of a soldier and does not care to look modest. Like a child he is searching for a friend and suspects that other people want to hurt him. To say more, he prefers to socialize with men mostly, because women make him uncomfortable. In Desdemona he also wanted to find the substitute for his mother. It is intentionally that he tells Desdemona about the handkerchief his mother had left him. To go further, the story takes place on the island and the personages travel to Cyprus on board of the ship. According to Freudian theory, ship stands for a female symbol and the water usually goes with birth, the female principle, the maternal, the womb, and the death wish. Thus, getting into the storm, the personages are subjects for dying. In addition, Othello wants to join his own mother through the journey through the symbol of the ship. According to Jungian theories, the conflicts between the personages may be interpreted as the conflicts between the general habit of a person to neglect or cynically evaluate the surroundings and the opposite habit to see the world through rose-coloured glasses. Othello and Iago act as if they are two halves of a human soul, one is dark and the opposite is light. Iago is the evil creature, who denies all the romantic things around him, whereas Othello represents the type who tries to idealize the reality. Yet you can not say that Iago and Othello are undeniably different, because all through the play they are communicating and spend a lot of time together. The possible reason is that they support and accomplish each other in the world vision. For example, Iago takes from his master the understanding of what should be right like friendship or admiration with a woman’s beauty. It is not that the man is not able to see that Desdemona is beautiful or that Othello is a brave soldier. The wicked servant just could not believe that a beautiful woman can be loyal to her husband or Cassio, the lieutenant, is a genuine friend to Othello and Desdemona. On the opposite, Othello easily believed in Iago’s roorbacking. It shows only that the Moor as an ideal type standing very close to the devil type of Iago. To put it in a nut-shell, from the psychological point of view the master and the servant tensely link together, and Iago may be treated as the repressed side of Othello's consciousness. Desdemona does not let them join and that is why she is dead in the end of the play.   

Short Story Analysis/ Civil Peace

â€Å"Once you allow your foundation to be restored, not a small or quick task, you will be able, with God's help, to build the life He always intended you to have† (Sandra Celeste). Chinua Achebe, the author of â€Å"Civil Peace,† writes about a stereotypical life in Africa, from struggles to miracles, the story is focused around the main character, Jonathan Iwegbu's, point of view. The main conflict is the bittersweet fact that Civil War has come to an end, but many African families have lost everything they have ever known. Jonathan, is surprised to see that his house is still standing when other structures around it are demolished.The author uses motifs, characterization and plot to further echo conflict through the entire piece. A quote that is repeated throughout â€Å"Civil Peace† is that, â€Å"Nothing Puzzles God† (Achebe 359). This motif helps support the characters, which further helps support the conflict. This recurring quote helps support the theme by giving characteristics to Jonathan. He is being blessed over and over again, and remains humble. At the end of the Civil War, his bike is kept safe and he is able to sell, and then afford a taxi drive back to Enugu to search for his home.In that whole experience, he does nothing but say that God is limitless, â€Å"But, needless to say, even that monumental blessing must be accounted also totally inferior to the five heads in the family. This newest miracle was his little house in Ogui Overside. Indeed nothing puzzles God! † (Achebe 359). This quote gives support to the motif, which then is portrayed as the theme. The motif is also the main supportation for the main character, Jonathan. In the â€Å"Civil Peace,† Achebe describes the main character, Jonathan, as a humble African man, who experiences difficulties after the Civil War.He is directly supported by the theme that, â€Å"Nothing Puzzles God,† because of the amount of times he is heard saying it. Characterization is a big part in this story, and it is used to support the theme, which is the direct backbone to the main conflict. The conflict is based around Jonathan and his struggle to rebuild his home and his life. Through Jonathan the journey is not hard to read, due to the complete humble nature of him and his life. â€Å"I count it as nothing,' he told his sympathizers, his eyes on the rope he was tying.‘What is _egg-rasher_? Did I depend on it last week? Or is it greater than other things that went with the war? I say, let _egg-rasher_ perish in the flames! Let it go where everything else has gone. Nothing puzzles God† (Achebe 364). Even in his worst times, when all he had earned for his family after the war was taken away, he still praised God and put it into a completely different viewpoint. Jonathans character is a great use of conflict supportation, but his character also enhances the plot, which in the end directly reflects the main theme.The plot o f any story is the foundation and the base for all characters, themes, or motifs. Plot is used to portray action throughout the story. In the â€Å"Civil Peace,† the author uses the plot to intensify Jonathans character and magnify the main conflict. The two most important conflicts that happen throughout the story are when Jonathan travels to Enugu and discovers that him and his family will be forced to work and rebuild their home and lives, and when Jonathan has worked and earned money but gets robbed and is left with nothing once again.The plot emphasizes these points when, â€Å"Jonathan and his family were now completely paralysed by terror. Maria and the children sobbed inaudibly like lost souls. Jonathan groaned continuously† (Achebe 362). The author uses syntax and diction in this excerpt, to support the plot. He used words like, â€Å"inaudibly† and, â€Å"paralyzed with terror,† which is called imagery and helps the readers have a direct connect ion to the plot. In many ways plot is used to further the conflict.In many ways the author, Chinua Achebe, uses a motif, theme, characterization through the main character Jonathan, and plot, to support the main conflicts. These literary devices are key factors in the story of the â€Å"Civil Peace. † By examining the authors purpose of writing this piece, it is made clear that the intended theme is that, â€Å"Nothing Puzzles God. † Knowing that this is the theme and the authors purpose is important in determining the conflict and the reasoning behind it. In this case, the author uses the literary devices to further and extend upon the conflict.

Budget Plan for the Heart Failure Clinic Assignment

Budget Plan for the Heart Failure Clinic - Assignment Example CDC states that heart failure is responsible for 55,000 deaths annually. Furthermore, CHF costs the nation a lot of money with analysts estimating the annual expenditure to $34 billion (Amakali, 2015). The authorial intent of this paper is therefore to establish, through use of evidence-based management practices, the best strategies for developing a budget plan geared towards establishing an effective Heart Failure Clinic. It is imperative for hospital administrators to work behind closed doors in order to ensure that hospitals' financial security and welfare is up to required standards. This implies that hospital administrators must identify those factors that if not well facilitated within the hospital budget plan may plunge the whole fraternity into financial crisis (Langenbrunner, Cashin, & O'Dougherty, 2009). Consequently, this business plan identifies the major categories and subcategories of the budget necessary for the set up of HFC. They include; Labor Costs, supplies and c apital expenses, insurance billing, research and teaching, liability costs et cetera. Some of the categories are discussed below.

News Search Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News Search - Essay Example Gods laws and love place a demand on humankind to treat all other human beings who are created in Gods image with love and care irrespective of race, color or creed (Abela & Capizzi, 2014). This principle applies to persons, communities and even nations who must love and treat others based on how they themselves would like to be treated. The initiative of the town’s people of Gangi is a working example of an effort at humanity coming together as one family. Inviting other people from all over the world regardless of race, color or creed promotes the brotherhood of all mankind. Pope Puis XI social teachings of equity and power in all business and political issues is decentralized and brought as close as possible to the local citizenry in order to ensure that there is social justice (Abela & Capizzi, 2014). This principle is basically the decentralization of power from the centralized authority. This gives the local communities more power to make decisions on matters that impact them directly. Decentralizing power ensures social justice through equity in the decision-making process. The decision of the town’s people of Gangi is an example of local citizens taking political as well as business decisions into their own hands in order to better their lives by promoting tourism. This Catholic principle applies to all areas of human life; spiritual, mental, physical and social (Abela & Capizzi, 2014). This principle should be equitably expressed in the equal provision of security, temporal goods, social well-being, and fundamental rights to all individuals. The dignity of every human being must be maintained in line with Gods laws and principles irrespective of race, color, or creed. The Gangi project will benefit the social, economic well being of all the town’s people while respecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of the locals. The foreign buyers will get to acquire a great holiday home and at the same time integrate into the local

Shakespeare, Twelfth Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare, Twelfth Night - Essay Example Viola realized that her year of mourning would also be spent hidden. Olivia would not take her. "O that I served that lady and might not be delivered to the world" (Viola,I,ii). She then proceeds to ask the capitain to dress her as a "eunuch" to the duke. Olivier was in a "monastery " and Viola lived as a "eunuch" Viola as the center of the play showed the importance of how boys dressed as women to perform. Shakespeare took it one step further to show her strength of a girl dressed as a boy who had to sway another girl to fall in love. At one point, the play takes another turn. Olivia and Viola started as a one of the many dualities. Both as they stood behind their veils were strong willed and intelligent. The Duke took a liking to Cesario. Viola had fallen in love with the Duke. Some say he understood that she was a young woman. In Scene IV, Viola describes her first love as though it was the Duke. As early as Scene V in the first Act, Viola comments on Olivias beauty but takes it as a gift from the devil. She goes back and forth from being Cesario and Viola. "If I did love you in my masters flame, with such a suffering, such a deadly life, in your denial I would find no sense†¦."(Viola,I,v) She is putting herself in Olivias shoes as she has lost her brother and has fallen in love with the Duke. "Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. "(Olivia,III,i) As she speaks to Cesario, let me love you first, it is not bad as it is truer love. Viola talks of female love being stronger than male love." But died thy sister of her love, my boy" (Orsino,II,iv) "I am all the daughter of my fathers house†¦.."(Viola,II,iv) One has to ask if Orsino knows at this time the love "Cesario" has for him. As Shakespeare was writing these plays, the Elizabethan "golden world" of privilege and prestige--and idleness--enjoyed by royalty and the nobility was beginning to lean in favor of an empowered middle class (merchants and manufacturers) who

Work experience and Impact statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Work experience and Impact statement - Essay Example Together with the support groups, we designed simple engineering structures like incinerators for public institutions’ use. On education, the activities acted as an encouragement to young people who are still at school because I conducted presentations, workshops and/or conferences meant to create awareness. In this case the society has embraced engineering to address their social and economical issues. I plan to pursue a career in transportation and cabinet whereby my main aim is to obtain a position that will enable me maximize my strong civil engineering skills in the field of transportation. I would also like to be challenged in an environment that demands engineering innovation, interpersonal, self-directed and team oriented tasks. This mainly entails ensuring smooth operations and design of highways, airports, railways and public transit (Juan et al 87). It will ultimately ensure safe and efficient movement of people and

American Independent day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Independent day - Essay Example The July 4, 1776 independence day is celebrated every year. During 1776, there were 2.5 million residents. In 2009, there were over 300 million Americans (Aloian, 2009). The people are reminded of their forefather’s gift to the currents 21st century American people. Annually, the American people celebrate the benefits of the American independence. The American Independence Day celebrates the present generations’ benefits generated from the brave 1776 residents of the 13 colonies. One scholar discusses one benefit of the American Independence Day, freedom to improve the communication among other residents in a democratic manner. The author describes how each person in a democratic society tries to improve the communication between two persons. It is an admitted fact that different people have different interpretations of certain words and actions. The journal article’s scholar classifies this as pragmatic failure (Moalla, 2013). The author performs the research on 30 speakers. The research was done in Georgia, United States. The speakers were students from the Kennesaw State University and the Catholic College. There were 30 respondent speakers. The respondents were made to take the Discourse Completion Test. The test determines the speakers’ reactions on certain everyday events (Moalla, 2013). The findings of the research show people interpret each message differently. The difference is brought about by the respondents’ cultural background. Twenty Tunisian students interpreted the compliments as rather insincere. This clearly shows that the students were more interested in the true message of the conversation. The 20 Tunisian students tried to decipher the real message behind the compliments. These same students tried to determine the truthfulness of compliments bestowed on them by the speaker (Moalla, 2013). On the other hand, the other ten students, American students, happily

Research Assignment Essay on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation

Research Assignment on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation - Essay Example In case of distributive bargaining both the parties try to maximize their gains and minimize the losses. Negotiators in this case try to promote their own-interests so that they do not look weak in the eyes of the other party. The concept of negotiation and bargaining has been found to be important in the works of Chamberlein (1955 cited in Marquis and Huston, 2009) and Stevens (1963 cited in cited in Marquis and Huston, 2009) to name a few. The purpose of this paper is to discuss about distributive bargaining and mediation as aspects of negotiation. It will also discuss the importance of mediation in the decision-making process. The first segment of the paper establishes the concepts of distributive bargaining and mediation and then the integration of both the topics in conflict-resolution. The existing literature points out that there are two main types of negotiation strategies namely distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining. The concept of distributive bargaining is embedded in the zero-sum game of economic theory and has been viewed by researcher in the light of a situation related to division of a pie. The implication a zero-sum game is that that there are mutually exhaustive ways of dividing the outcome (BÃ ¼hring-Uhle, Kirchhoff and Scherer, 2006). The most important aspect of distributive bargaining is that the interests of the agents are correlated in a negative manner where positive outcome of one individual is related to the negative outcome of another. The idea of distributive negotiation had undergone a paradigm shift with the research work conducted by Fisher, Patton and Ury (1991) who had pointed out that distributive bargaining is inferior compared to integrative bargaining and this had led researchers to focus on the later. One of the most c ommon form of distributive bargaining can be found in the labour union where the union members wants to secure

The employment relationship Essay Example for Free

The employment relationship Essay This essay explores and discusses the employment relationship while considering the value of a systems approach to industrial relations and the fact that individuals view issues from a particular frame of reference. The employment relationship is developed on an inter-related basis involving economic, social and legal dimensions of wider society (Fells, 1989). Organisations are subject to the economic conditions in which they operate. Employers rely on the availability of suitable labour to perform the work of the organisation and although viewed as a commodity by the employer, significant investment in the development of the employee can be lost or unused should the employee decide to leave or remain unmotivated. The unavailability of suitable labour can lead to segmentation of the labour market and a division of labour at the workplace. The division of labour is the breaking down of work into its smallest components in order to achieve effective specialisation, minimal worker discretion and the most efficient output (Sutcliffe and Callus, 1994). This division of labour can have far reaching implications for the management and the organisation, including the control and motivation of the workforce. The legal dimension is concerned with the law of contract between an employer and employee which enables the parties to enter into and enforce agreements (Fells, 1989). By its very nature the employment contract implies a subordination relationship where the employer commands and the employee obeys. The introduction of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 also implies legal boundaries in which the employment relationship must operate (for example the rules relating to unfair dismissal and enterprise bargaining). The social dimension, unlike the economic and legal dimension, is one that chiefly impacts on employees. There are two aspects to this dimension according to Fells (1989), the first being the impact of society on the workplace and secondly employees experiencing management pressures at the workplace as well as pressures from other individual employees who work within a team environment. It is clear that most of us want more out of a working relationship than just a monetary return for our labour. An employer must also provide a job that can stimulate and challenge the worker. Many jobs however are mundane and boring which is a consequence of the increasing division of labour in our industrial society. Industrial relations in a broad sense, is about the behaviour and interaction of people at work. It is concerned with how individuals, groups, organisations and institutions make decisions that shape the employment relationship between management and labour (Deery and Plowman, 1991). It is also closely entwined with political, economic and social forces (Salamon, 1992). As a consequence, people differ in their approaches and views on industrial relations which as a result can lead to industrial conflict. Fox in 1966 attempted to explain the reasons for the differing views of industrial conflict by management and the public, by proposing a frames of reference concept in his paper to the UK Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employer Associations (Berrell, 1999). Fox believed that some people view industrial relations as a class conflict, others in terms of mutual co-operation and others still in terms of competing interests of various groups. Three approaches were identified: unitary, pluralist and marxist. The unitarian approach believes that industrial relations is based on mutual co-operation, individual treatment, team work and the sharing of common objectives (Stone, 1996). Conflict in the workplace is seen as an anomaly which has occurred because of either union activity, poor management decisions or practice or employees who dont fit the organisations culture. Conflict resulting in strikes for example, is not only considered as unnecessary but destructive. As result, unions are regarded as competitors for employees loyalty and commitment. In essence the unitarian approach is seen as a management ideology which legitimises their authority and control. It blames conflict on employees and threatens unions existence. It is manipulative and exploitative (Horwitz, 1990). In contrast, the pluralist approach accepts the inevitability of conflict (Deery and Plowman, 1991). It sees organisations as coalitions of competing interests where managements role is to mediate amongst the different interests groups. It sees unions as a legitimate representative of employee interests. Management authority under this approach is not automatically accepted. Employees join unions to promote their interests and influence management decision making. As unions are considered to be important in their role of balancing the power between employers and employees, they are considered not only desirable, but necessary. Societies interests at large are protected by state intervention through legislation and industrial tribunals which provide orderly processes for the regulation and resolution of conflict. The marxist approach like pluralists regard conflict between management and employees as inevitable. However, where pluralists see conflict as inherent within all organisations, marxists see it as a product of capitalist society. Adversarial relations in the workplace are seen as simply one aspect of class conflict. Unions under this approach, are seen as instruments for challenging the capitalist system of class domination. By assimilating a persons behaviour to one of the three frames of references, it determines how we would react and shapes the method for altering such behaviour. As a tool for understanding a parties behaviour when conflict occurs we need to undertake a social action perspective, that is to suspend our own judgment when analysing the cause of conflict and accept the persons frame of reference. Individually, our frames of references are molded and influenced by a multiplicity of variables including, values and behaviour, education, political views, work experiences and religious beliefs to name a few. Our position in the class structure and status hierarchy almost certainly has a significant influence as well (Keenoy and Kelly, 1995). It is important to understand these concepts as employers and employees bring to the employment relationship different strategies to gain as much as they can from the relationship. This in turn makes the relationship inherently competitive. Fells (1989) observes that this points to the duality of the employment relationship. Both the employer and employee put their resources, motives, expectations and own interests into the relationshipthese being influenced by the social and economic structure of society (Fells 1989, P 476). In essence therefore, conflict can arise because of the parties differing social and economic interests and strategies. Keenoy and Kelly (1996) take this further by describing the three great struggles which results from the distribution of authority (inherent in an organisational hierarchy) and the division of labour which are sources of potential conflict and competition within the employment relationship. These are identified as the struggle over interests, control and motivation. Abraham Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory argued that individuals sought to satisfy basic needs required to live; that is food, warmth and shelter (Bartol et al 1995). An employee therefore, seeks is in his/her strategy to satisfy their basic needs for survival. Once satisfied, the employee seeks to improve their social standing by earning more money and purchasing material symbols to demonstrate their success. In contrast however, is the organisations strategy to run an efficient and cost effective business. The nature of the employment relationship is such that the employees interest in maximising income is in direct conflict with the employers interest in minimising costs (Keenoy and Kelly 1996). However, both parties in the relationship are equally dependent upon each other for without labour there is no profit and without capital this is no jobs. This is simply termed structured antagonism as the relationship produces both mutual and conflicting interests. Fells (1989) argues that a frontier of control exists between an employer and employee which is born out of the legal, social and economic pressures effecting the distribution of power within the employment relationship. It represents the point of confrontation and interaction between the structure of management control and the challenge from organised labour (Storey, 1980 p 12). The struggle for control arises out of the vagueness of the employment contract, as it rarely specifies the parameters and preciseness of the work to be performed by the employee in exchange for payment (for example, level of effort and range of duties). Both parties tend therefore to have their own expectations as to what has been initially agreed upon and as such, this vagueness can often lead to conflict. In response, the employers strategy is to set up an array of control mechanisms, one being the hierarchy of authority where people are employed to supervise the work of others. This act in itself can lead to tensions within the employment relationship as industrial conflict often occurs when employees challenge the limits of managerial authority. Variations in the degree of control is also apparent within many jobs. For example production line workers experience tight control mechanisms whereas politicians, doctors and lawyers experience little or no control over their particular functions. This last group especially enjoy an elevated position in the hierarchy of authority and a high level of control and autonomy over their work (Kennoy and Kelly, 1996). As a result, conflict may occur over the inability of an organisation to provide a suitable career path which allows an employee access to a higher level of authority within the hierarchy. Securing employee commitment can be a difficult task for an employer as not all employees are motivated to work by monetary rewards alone. Although theorists have argued that motivation is the key to employee behaviour and productivity, work undertaken by the likes of Frederick Herzberg and his two-factor theory have largely been ignored due to the advantages of increasing the division of labour over the benefits of increasing employee satisfaction (Keenoy and Kelly, 1996). Management are faced therefore with a dilemma over ensuring employees remain sufficiently motivated to ensure job effectiveness whilst maintaining the cost effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation. Increasing market competition and a greater emphasis on quality and service provided to customers, may force employers to redefine their strategies towards motivation of their employees. Up to this point the employment relationship has been discussed in terms of its dual nature. However, it is clear that a more holistic approach is required. A systems approach provides a useful look at the employment relationship because it expands on the dual focus to include a third group of actors and the environment within which the relationship operates. John Dunlop proposed an industrial relations system comprised of actors operating within an environment influenced by technology, economics and power distribution. The system is bound together by both ideology and rules to govern behaviour. Three main groups of actors have been defined as managers, workers and their representatives and other bodies concerned with the relationship between workers and employers. The major output of the system is a set of rules and regulations that apply both in the individual workplace and in the wider work community. (Deery and Plowman, 1991). Dunlops industrial relations system has been criticised from a number of quarters (Margerison, 1969; Bain and Clegg, 1974; Hyman) for paying insufficient attention to conflict focusing more on conflict resolution than the root of the conflict, and for suggesting that the industrial relations system is naturally stable. Despite these negative views the system perspective of industrial relations remains valid if only as an analytical tool (Deery and Plowman, 1991). The employment relationship is a unique but fundamental feature of modern society. It commences when an employer engages an employee to perform work in exchange for money. Although this concept of the relationship appears simplistic in nature, it is subject to many stresses and strains brought about by political, social and economic interference. Bibliography Bain, G.S Clegg, H.A, 1974, A Strategy for Industrial Relations Research in Great Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol 12, no. 1, p92. Bartol, K.M., Martin, D.C., Tein, M Matthews, G. 1995, Management a Pacific Rim Focus, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Berrell, M. 1999, Subject Book: Industrial Relations, Monash Distrance Education Centre, Monash University, Churchill, Vic. Deery, S.J. Plowman, D.H. 1991, Australian Industrial Relations, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Sydney Fells, R.E., 1989, The Employment Relationship Control and Strategic Choice in the Study of Industrial Relations in Labour and Industry, Vol 2(3), October pp470-492 Fox, A. 1980, Industrial Relations: A Social Critique of Pluralist Ideology in Barrett, B., Rhodes, E and Beishon, J. (eds), Industrial Relations in the Wider Society; Aspects of Interaction, Collier MacMillan, London. Horwitz, F.M., 1990, HRM: an ideological perspective, Personnel Review, Vol 19, No.2 pp 10-15. Hyman, R., 1975, Industrial Relations: A Marxist Introduction. MacMillan, London. Keenoy, T. Kelley, D. 1998, The Employment Relationship in Australia, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Brace and Co, Sydney. Margerison, C.J., 1969, What do we mean by Industrial Relations? A Behavioural Science Approach. British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol 7, no.2, , p273 Salamon, M. 1992, Industrial relations Theory and Practice, 2nd Ed, Prentice-Hall, London. Stone, R. 1995. Human Resource Management, 2nd Ed, John Wiley and sons, Brisbane. Storey, J. 1980, The Challenge to Management Control, Kogan Page, London. Suttcliffe, P. Callus, R. 1994, Glossary of Industrial Relations Terms, ACIRRT and ACSM, Sydney, Brisbane. Industrial Relations Assn 1 pg 11